Otto marzo forever
Le femministe degli anni ‘70 ci tenevano a dire che l’8 marzo è la giornata della donna e non la festa della donna. Non c’è niente da festeggiare. Dietro questa data esistono versioni diverse.
La tradizione socialista faceva risalire l’origine di questa giornata al grande sciopero parigino dell’8 marzo 1848.
In Italia, a partire dagli anni 50 cominciò a diffondersi una versione diversa. Nel 1952 il settimanale bolognese La Lotta scrisse che la data si riferiva a un incendio scoppiato in una fabbrica tessile di New York l’8 marzo 1929, in cui sarebbero morte 129 giovani operaie, in gran parte italiane ed ebree, che minacciavano uno sciopero e che, per ritorsione, erano state fatte chiudere dentro dal padrone, il quale avrebbe poi ordinato di dar fuoco alla fabbrica. Nel 1978 troviamo sul giornale Il Secolo XIX che l’episodio era successo a Chicago, mentre, qualche anno dopo, nel 1980, La Repubblica scriveva che l’incendio era successo a Boston nel 1898. In tempi più recenti, nel 1982, sul giornale Noi Donne è stato scritto che l’incendio era effettivamente scoppiato a Boston, ma nel 1908 e che le operaie morte sarebbero state 19. Da altre fonti sappiamo anche che la fabbrica era l’industria tessile Cotton e che il proprietario sarebbe stato un certo mister Johnson.
Ebbene, da tutte le ricerche effettuate non esistono prove e documenti che confermino questo orribile episodio. Secondo Piero Errera il falso storico sarebbe stato inventato e diffuso dalla stampa comunista ai tempi della guerra fredda, per dimostrare la cattiveria del capitalismo americano. Di sicuro si sa che nel 1911, cioè un anno dopo la data d’inizio della “festa”, a New York, nella TriangleShirtwaist Company, scoppiò un incendio, non doloso, che, favorito dalle scarse condizioni di sicurezza e d’igiene della fabbrica, causò 140 morti, non tutte donne: i proprietari della fabbrica Max Blanck e Isaac Harris, vennero prosciolti nel processo penale ma persero una causa civile. Ma soprattutto l’8 Marzo non ha nulla a che fare né con lo sciopero delle lavoratrici, che iniziò il 22 Novembre 1909 né con l’incendio della fabbrica, che avvenne il 25 Marzo 1911.
Il richiamo a un tragico fatto, sulla cui esistenza esistono comunque seri dubbi e versioni diverse, sarebbe già sufficiente a proporre la data dell’8 marzo come una giornata di riflessione sull’eterna questione femminile e non come una festa. Passati gli anni ’70 le donne non sfilano più in corteo e le più assatanate non gridano più “Maschio represso, ti taglieremo il sesso”. Anche perché ci sarebbe da discuterne. Una falsa concezione del rapporto uomo-donna una volta tendeva a generare conflittualità interna ai due sessi, senza accorgersi che la conflittualità è tra le classi sociali, indipendentemente dal sesso e che proprio da queste viene alimentata e ridotta a contraddizione interna. Così è rimasta la questione delle pari opportunità, sono rimasti enormi vuoti nell’occupazione femminile e nella creazione di strutture che permettano alle donne di esplicare il loro doppio ruolo di madri e di lavoratrici, sono rimasti ancora molti settori in cui non è stata realizzata la cosiddetta “parità di genere” e in cui non si riscontrano le “pari opportunità”. In politica si è ridotto, a seguito di alcuni provvedimenti lo strapotere maschile, è aumentata in modo consistente la rappresentanza femminile in parlamento. In molti altri settori il modello maschile, quello di chi porta i pantaloni, rimane ancora il punto di riferimento per molte donne che vogliono far carriera.
In un’intervista sul Corriere della sera del 9 marzo 2011 c’era un articolo, Stefania Sandrelli diceva che il tempo delle cene, lasciando per una sera i mariti a casa, è finito e che bisogna fare i conti con la crisi, della quale le donne stanno pagando in maggior misura lo scotto.
Oggi non è cambiato molto: molte donne aspettano questa data per esibire il rametto di mimose e per occupare pizzerie e ristoranti. Qualche locale ripropone ancora lo spogliarello di qualche furbacchione che, imitando il modello e le movenze femminili, ci rimedia qualcosa. In questo le donne sono andate più avanti degli uomini, perché non risulta che in zona si effettuino spogliarelli femminili. Per un bungabunga in grande stile qualche anno fa bisognava arrivare ad Arcore.
Sembrano ormai dispute d’altri tempi quelli sulla superiorità maschile, sia essa fisica che intellettuale, o, per contro, sulla superiorità femminile in altre sfere. Sono diversità che rendono pienamente giustificata, per ognuno dei sessi, la bella definizione data dalle femministe palermitane e diventata il titolo di una rivista, “l’altra metà del cielo”. Vero che ancora parte di questa metà non è stata occupata o è ancora occupata dal maschio. Soprattutto in alcune zone del mondo in cui certe ataviche abitudini, camuffate da qualche giustificazione pseudoreligiosa, relegano le donne a ruoli mortificanti e indegni della stessa condizione umana. In Italia la situazione continua a evolversi più o meno con lo stesso passo degli altri grandi paesi europei: il numero dei prefetti-donne già dal 2013 ha superato quello degli uomini, nelle scuole le donne-insegnanti, da sempre occupano il 70% delle cattedre, l’assistenza sanitaria è in gran parte femminile, anche nei posti di dirigenza il sorpasso è già in atto.
Davanti alla mitologia greca, dove Afrodite nasce dalla spuma del mare, il cristianesimo fa nascere Eva da una costola di Adamo: in altri termini Eva partorita da Adamo, così come Atena partorita dal cervello di Zeus, è la, l’appropriazione mistificata, da parte dell’uomo, dello specifico femminile della procreazione e della maternità, per lui irraggiungibili. Per contro il lento ma inesorabile cammino delle donne ha raggiunto alcuni traguardi, e l’uomo ha dovuto cambiare il suo modo di pensare, di comportarsi e di rapportarsi con le donne, madri, mogli, figlie, sorelle, compagne abbandonando le sue passate pretese di superiorità di comando, di depositario delle decisioni più importanti.
Intanto la crisi continua ad attenagliare i bilanci delle famiglie e le donne ne pagano gravemente il peso, non solo in termini di posti di lavoro. Da qualche anno i mass media hanno identificato, come tema di discussione, quello che con un brutto termine è stato chiamato “femminicidio” e, in modo più esteso, il problema della violenza sulle donne che ancora, in un gruppo di stati dove vivono 500 milioni di persone, non è considerata un reato. Quest’anno, a seguito di alcuni “casi eccellenti” è diventato il tema più dibattuto quello dello stalking, delle molestie sessuali, dei ricatti e delle richieste di prestazioni in cambio di lavoro, ma nulla di nuovo che già non si sapesse. Per il resto la strada è ancora lunga e dovrebbe essere 8 marzo ogni giorno dell’anno.
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